NEWS for Ruby 1.9.1¶ ↑

本文件列出了版本之间用户可见的功能变更，不包括错误修复。

请注意，每个条目都非常简短，没有提供任何原因或参考信息。有关所有足够信息的完整变更列表，请参阅 ChangeLog 文件。

自 1.8.7 版本以来的变更¶ ↑

有关 1.8.6 和 1.8.7 之间的变更，请参阅 doc/NEWS-1.8.7。

兼容性问题¶ ↑

• 语言核心

  * New syntax and semantics
        o Block arguments are always local
        o New semantics for block arguments
        o defined? and local variables
        o Parser expects that your source code has only valid byte
          sequence in some character encoding.  Use magic comments
          to tell the parser which encoding you use.
        o New semantics for constant definition in instance_eval
          or in module_eval.
  
  * Deprecated syntax
        o colon (:) instead of "then" in if/unless or case expression.
        o retry in a loop or an iterator.

• 内置类和对象

  * Kernel and Object
        o Kernel#methods and #singleton_methods used to return an
          array of strings but now they return an array of symbols.
  * Class and Module
        o Module#attr works as Module#attr_reader by default.
          Optional boolean argument is obsolete.
        o Module#instance_methods, #private_instance_methods and
          #public_instance_methods used to return an array of
          strings but now they return an array of symbols.
        o Extra subclassing check when binding UnboundMethods
  
  * Exceptions
        o Exceptions are equal to each other if they belong to
          the same class and have the same message and backtrace.
        o SystemStackError used to be a subclass of StandardError
          but not it is a direct subclass of Exception.
        o SecurityError: ditto
        o Removed Exception#to_str [Ruby2]
  
  * Enumerable and Enumerator
        o Enumerable::Enumerator, compatibility alias of Enumerator,
          is removed.
        o Enumerable#{map,collect} called without a block returns
          an enumerator.
        o Even more builtin and bundled libraries have been made to
          return an enumerator when called without a block.
  * Array
        o Array#nitems was removed (use count {|i| !i.nil?})
        o Array#choice was removed (use sample)
        o Array#[m,n] = nil places nil in the array.
  * Hash
        o Hash#to_s is equivalent to Hash#inspect
        o Semantics for Hash#each and Hash#each_pair
        o Hash#select returns a hash
        o Hash#key is the new name for #index which has been
          deprecated.
        o Hash preserves order.  It enumerates its elements in the
          order in which the keys are inserted.
        o Most of the changes in Hash apply to hash like interfaces
          such as ENV and *DBM.
  * IO operations
        o Many methods used to act byte-wise but now some of those act
          character-wise. You can use alternate byte-wise methods.
        o IO#getc
        o Non-blocking IO
        o Kernel#open takes "t" for newline conversion
        o Kernel#open takes encoding specified
        o IO automatically converts byte sequence from a character
          encodings into another if specified.
        o StringIO#readpartial
        o IO.try_convert
        o IO.binread
        o IO.copy_stream
        o IO#binmode?
        o IO#close_on_exec= and IO#close_on_exec?
        o Limit input in IO#gets, IO#readline, IO#readlines,
          IO#each_line, IO#lines, IO.foreach, IO.readlines,
          StringIO#gets, StringIO#readline, StringIO#each,
          StringIO#readlines
        o IO#ungetc, StringIO#ungetc
        o IO#ungetbyte, StringIO#ungetbyte
        o IO#internal_encoding, IO#external_encoding,
          IO#set_encoding
        o IO.pipe takes encoding option
        o Directive %u behaves like %d for negative values in
          printf-style formatting.
  * File and Dir operations
        o #to_path is called as necessary in File.path, File.chmod,
          File.lchmod, File.chown, File.lchown, File.utime,
          File.unlink, etc..
        o File.world_readable?
        o File.world_writable?
        o Dir.[], Dir.glob
        o Dir.exist?
        o Dir.exists?
  * File::Stat
        o File::Stat#world_readable?
        o File::Stat#world_writable?
  * String
        o No longer an Enumerable: use each_line/lines for line
          oriented operation
        o Encoding-awareness
            o Character-wise semantics in many methods instead of
              byte-wise.
                o String#[]: Indexing a String with an integer returns a
                  single character String instead of an integer.
                o String#[]=: No longer takes an integer as right
                  side value.  Note that "str[i] = ?c" because of
                  the following change.
                o ?c is evaluated to a single character string
                  instead of an integer.
  * Regexp
        o Encoding-awareness
        o Regexp matches only with strings which is encoded in a
          compatible character encoding to the regexp's.
        o Regexp#kcode is removed. use Regexp#encoding.
  * Symbols: restriction on literal symbols
  * Numeric
        o Numeric#div always rounds as Integer#div has done.
        o Numeric#fdiv: ditto.
  * Integer
        o Integer(nil) raises TypeError
  * Fixnum
        o Fixnum#id2name removed
        o Fixnum#to_sym removed
  * Struct
        o Struct#inspect
  * Time
        o New format in Time#to_s
        o Timezone information preserved on Marshal.dump/load
  * $SAFE and bound methods
        o New trusted/untrusted model in addition to
          tainted/untainted model.
  
  * Deprecation
        o $= (global flag for case-sensitiveness on string matching)
        o Kernel#to_a
        o Kernel#getc, #gsub, #sub
        o Kernel#callcc and Continuation now become 'continuation'
          bundled library.
        o Object#type
        o Removed Array and Hash #indices, #indexes
        o Hash#index
        o ENV.index
        o Process::Status#to_int
        o Numeric#rdiv
        o Precision is removed.  Don't cry, it will be redesigned
          and come back in future version.
        o Symbol#to_int and Symbol#to_i
        o $KCODE is no longer effective.  Use Encoding related
          features of each class.
        o VERSION and friends

• 捆绑库

  * Pathname
        o No longer has #to_str nor #=~.
  * time and date
        o Time.parse and Date.parse interprets slashed numerical dates
          as "dd/mm/yyyy".
  * Readline
        o If Readline uses libedit, Readline::HISTORY[0] returns the
          first of the history.
  * Continuation
        o as above
  
  * Deprecation
        o Complex#image: use Complex#imag
        o All SSL-related class methods in Net::SMTP
        o Prime#cache, Prime#primes, Prime#primes_so_far
        o mailread library: use tmail gem.
        o cgi-lib library: use cgi.
        o date2 library: use date.
        o eregex library
        o finalize library: use ObjectSpace.define_finalizer if you
          really need a finalizer. really?
        o ftools library: use fileutils.
        o generator library: use Enumerator.
        o importenv library and Env library
        o jcode library: use multilingualization support of String
        o parsedate library
        o ping library
        o readbytes library
        o getopts library and parsearg library: use optparse or
          getoptlong.
        o soap, wsdl and xsd libraries: use soap4r gem.
        o Win32API library: use dl.
        o dl library: Reimplemented and API changed. use the new
          version of dl or ffi gem.
        o rubyunit library and runit library: use minitest or
          test/unit. Or use anything you love through RubyGems.
        o test/unit is reimplemented on top of minitest.  This is
          not fully compatible with the original.

语言核心变更¶ ↑

* New syntax and semantics
      o Magic comments to declare in which encoding your source
        code is written
      o New literal hash syntax and new syntax for hash style
        arguments
      o New syntax for lambdas
      o .() and calling Procs without #call/#[]
      o Block in block arguments
      o Block local variables
      o Mandatory arguments after optional arguments allowed
      o Multiple splats allowed
      o #[] can take splatted arguments, hash style arguments
        and a block.
      o New directives in printf-style formatted strings (%).
      o Newlines allowed before ternary colon operator (:) and
        method call dot operator (.)
      o Negative operators such as !, != and !~ are now
        overloadable
      o Encoding.default_external and default_internal
      o __ENCODING__: New pseudo variable to hold the current
        script's encoding

库更新¶ ↑

• 内置类和对象

  * Kernel and Object
        o BasicObject
        o Object#=~ returns nil instead of false by default.
        o Kernel#define_singleton_method
        o Kernel#load can load a library from the highest versions
          of gems by default.
  * Class and Module
        o Module#const_defined?, #const_get and #method_defined?
          take an optional parameter.
        o #class_variable_{set,get} are public.
        o Class of singleton classes
  
  * Errno::EXXX
        o All of those are always defined.  Errno::EXXX will be
          defined as an alias to Errno::NOERROR if your platform
          does not have one.
  
  * Binding#eval
  * Blocks and Procs
        o Arity of blocks without arguments
        o proc is now a synonym of Proc.new
        o Proc#yield
        o Passing blocks to #[]
        o Proc#lambda?
        o Proc#curry
  * Fiber: coroutines/micro-threads
  * Thread
        o Thread.critical and Thread.critical= removed
        o Thread#exit!, Thread#kill! and Thread#terminate! removed.
  
  * Enumerable and Enumerator
        o Enumerator#enum_cons and Enumerator#enum_slice are
          removed.  Use #each_cons and #each_slice without a block.
        o Enumerable#each_with_index can take optional arguments
          and passes them to #each.
        o Enumerable#each_with_object
        o Enumerator#with_object
        o Enumerator.new { ... }
  * Array
        o Array#delete returns a deleted element rather than a given
          object
        o Array#to_s is equivalent to Array#inspect
        o Array.try_convert
        o Array#pack('m0') complies with RFC 4648.
  * Hash
        o preserving item insertion order
        o Hash#default_proc=
        o Hash#_compare_by_identity and Hash#compare_by_identity?
        o Hash.try_convert
        o Hash#assoc
        o Hash#rassoc
        o Hash#flatten
  * Range
        o Range#cover?
        o Range#include? iterates over elements and compares the
          given value with each element unless the range is numeric.
          Use Range#cover? for the old behavior, i.e. comparison
          with boundary values.
        o Range#min, Range#max
  
  * File and Dir operations
        o New methods
  * Process
        o Process.spawn
        o Process.daemon
  * String
        o String#clear
        o String#ord
        o String#getbyte, String#setbyte
        o String#chars and String#each_char act as character-wise.
        o String#codepoints, String#each_codepoint
        o String#unpack with a block
        o String#hash
        o String.try_convert
        o String#encoding
        o String#force_encoding, String#encode and String#encode!
        o String#ascii_only?
        o String#valid_encoding?
        o String#match
  * Symbol
        o Zero-length symbols allowed
        o Symbol#intern
        o Symbol#encoding
        o Symbol methods similar to those in String
  * Regexp
        o Regexp#=== matches symbols
        o Regexp.try_convert
        o Regexp#match
        o Regexp#fixed_encoding?
        o Regexp#encoding
        o Regexp#named_captures
        o Regexp#names
  * MatchData
        o MatchData#names
        o MatchData#regexp
  * Encoding
  * Encoding::Converter
        o supports conversion between many encodings
  * Numeric
        o Numeric#upto, #downto, #times, #step
        o Numeric#real?, Complex#real?
        o Numeric#magnitude
        o Numeric#round
  * Float
        o Float#round
  * Integer
        o Integer#round
  * Rational / Complex
        o They are in the core library now
  * Math
        o Math#log takes an optional argument.
        o Math#log2
        o Math#cbrt, Math#lgamma, Math#gamma
  * Time
        o Time.times removed.  Use Process.times.
        o Time#sunday?
        o Time#monday?
        o Time#tuesday?
        o Time#wednesday?
        o Time#thursday?
        o Time#friday?
        o Time#saturday?
        o Time#tv_nsec and Time#nsec
  * Misc. new methods
        o RUBY_ENGINE to distinguish between Ruby processor implementation
        o public_method
        o public_send
        o GC.count
        o ObjectSpace.count_objects
        o Method#hash, Proc#hash
        o Method#source_location, UnboundMethod#source_location and
          Proc#source_location
        o __callee__
        o Elements in $LOAD_PATH and $LOADED_FEATURES are expanded

• 捆绑库

  * RubyGems
        o Package management system for Ruby.
        o Integrated with Ruby's library loader.
  * Rake
        o Ruby make. A simple ruby build program with capabilities
          similar to make.
  * minitest
        o Our new testing library which is faster, cleaner and easier
          to read than the old test/unit.
        o You can introduce the old test/unit as testunit gem through
          RubyGems if you want.
  * CMath
        o Complex number version of Math
  * Prime
        o Extracted from Mathn and improved. You can easily enumerate
          prime numbers.
        o Prime.new is obsolete. Use its class methods.
  * ripper
        o Ruby script parser
  * Readline
        o Readline.vi_editing_mode?
        o Readline.emacs_editing_mode?
        o Readline::HISTORY.clear
  * Tk
        o TkXXX widget classes are removed and redefined as aliases of
          Tk::XXX classes.
  * RDoc
        o Updated to version 2.2.2.  See:
          http://rubyforge.org/frs/shownotes.php?group_id=627&release_id=26434
  * json
        o JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) encoder/decoder

• 命令行选项

  * -E, --encoding
  * -U
  * --enable-gems, --disable-gems
  * --enable-rubyopt, --disable-rubyopt
  * long options are allowed in RUBYOPT environment variable.

实现变更¶ ↑

• 内存节食

  * Object Compaction - Object, Array, String, Hash, Struct, Class,
    Module
  * st_table compaction (inlining small tables)

• YARV

  * Ruby codes are compiled into opcodes before executed.
  * Native thread

• 平台支持

  * Support levels
        (0) Supported
        (1) Best effort
        (2) Perhaps
        (3) Not supported
  * Dropped
        o No longer supports djgpp, bcc32, human68k, MacOS 9 or earlier,
          VMS nor Windows CE.